Perkataan...

Perkataan apa yang anda nampak?

Kisah budak buta

Budak muda yang buta ini memberitahu bahawa dia tidak meminta kepada Allah untuk disembuhkan semula. Sebabnya masyaAllah, sangat menakjubkan! Semoga kita yang dikurniakan kesihatan yang sempurna ini tidaklah sentiasa mengeluh, sebaliknya bersyukur dengan segala nikmatnya.

Nabi Muhammad SAW bersabda, “Memang sangat menakjubkan keadaan orang mukmin itu; karena segala urusannya sangat baik baginya dan ini tidak akan terjadi kecuali bagi seseorang yang beriman dimana bila mendapatkan kesenangan ia bersyukur maka yang demikian itu sangat baik baginya, dan bila ia tertimpa kesusahan ia sabar maka yang semikian itu sangat baik baginya.” (HR. Muslim)

Petikan kata-kata dari Facebook Ustaz Zahazan Mohamed.

Cara Taip Laju...

POSISI JARI MACAM INI.











Pertama untuk mahir menaip dengan menggunakan 10 jari, terlebih dahulu kita harus tahu posisi jari yang tepat. Lihat langkah langkah dibawah ini :

Tangan Kiri

Jari Kelingking :
Baris Pertama = ‘ dan 1
Baris Kedua = Tab dan Q
Baris Ketiga = Capslock dan A
Baris Keempat = Shift kiri dan Z
Baris Kelima = Ctrl dan Windows

Jari Manis :
Baris Pertama = 2
Baris Kedua = W
Baris Ketiga = S
Baris Keempat = X

Jari Tengah :
Baris Pertama = 3
Baris Kedua = E
Baris Ketiga = D
Baris Keempat = C

Jari Telunjuk :
Baris Pertama = 4 dan 5
Baris Kedua = R dan T
Baris Ketiga = F dan G
Baris Keempat = V dan B

Ibu Jari :
Baris Kelima = Alt kiri dan Spacebar

Tangan kanan

Ibu Jari :
Baris Kelima = Alt kanan dan Spacebar

Jari Telunjuk :
Baris Pertama = 6 dan 7
Baris Kedua = Y dan U
Baris Ketiga = H dan J
Baris Keempat = N dan M

Jari Tengah :
Baris Pertama = 8
Baris Kedua = I
Baris Ketiga = K
Baris Keempat = ,

Jari Manis :
Baris Pertama = 9
Baris Kedua = O
Baris Ketiga = L
Baris Keempat = .

Jari Kelingking :
Baris Pertama = 0, -, = dan BackSpace
Baris Kedua = P, [ dan ]
Baris Ketiga = , ;, ‘ dan Enter
Baris Keempat = / dan shift kanan.


*** Untuk "latihan" anda, sila taip ayat di bawah tanpa melihat keyboard. kalau anda sudah boleh menaip semua huruf dan ayat dibawah tanpa melihat keyboard. maka anda sudah mahir dan berjaya menguasai skill menaip dengan laju.

"the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog"


Sila ke Taip Laju untuk maklumat lanjut.

Pembesaran Masjidil Haram - Mekah

Diambil dari Kota Mekah

L'Ours (1988) - the cougar scene

Wang kertas Malaysia RM

Ini adalah gambar Yang Di-Pertuan Agong Malaysia yang pertama yaitu Tuanku Abdul Rahman Tuanku Muhammad dari Negeri Sembilan.

Gambar ini telah diambil untuk dicetak atas wang kertas  Malaysia.

Cerita asal dari Kisah Wang Kertas.

Semoga ada yang mahu berfikir sejenak...

Taufan Sandy

Akibat Taufan Sandy NYSE dan NASDAQ terpaksa ditutup selama dua hari iaitu pada 29 October dan mungkin sehingga 30 October.

Untuk melihat secara lansung Youtube



Semoga ada yang mahu berfikir sejenak...

Time-lapse: Space shuttle Endeavour's trek across L.A.

Semoga dapat kita berfikir sejenak...

Rich Dad, Poor Dad, Bankrupt Dad?

Robert Kiyosaki penulis buku Rich Dad, Poor Dad telah memohon untuk menjadi bankrap. Bukan untuk dirinya tapi untuk syarikatnya...

Satu lagi cara yang telah diajar Rich Dad, Poor Dad, Bankrupt Dad...

Hanya sekadar untuk berfikir sejenak sahaja...

Untuk bacaan lanjut sila ke Forbes

Berfikir Sejenak - Kaabah Live Streaming

Untuk tatapan sempena musim Haji untuk tahun 1433H.
Semoga anda mendapat Haji Mabrur.
Anda boleh ke link Kaabah

Freedie Aguilar - Anak

Freddie Aguilar left family and school unfinished at the age of 18. His father, who had wanted him to be a lawyer, was disappointed. Freddie travelled to far-away places carrying with him only his guitar. With no one to guide and discipline him, he got into gambling. Realizing and regretting his mistakes five years later, Freddie composed Anak, a remorse song expressing apology to his parents. He went back home and asked for forgiveness from his parents who welcomed him with open arms. After his father read the lyrics of Anak, the two became closer to each other. The homecoming proved timely as soon after, his father would pass away.^[1] According to Felipe de Leon, Jr., an authority in Philippine Music, the song was composed in a Western style but has aspects of pasyon, a form that many Filipinos can identify with

"Anak" became a finalist in the first MetroPop Song Festival. It went on to become very popular in the Philippines and eventually abroad. The song generated a hundred cover versions, was released in 56 countries and in 27 different foreign languages, and it has sold 30 million copies. Billboard reported that the song was the number two world hit of the 1980s. As of 2006 it was unsurpassed as the all-time highest-selling record of Philippine music.^[1]

A successful movie of the same name was released in 2000, with a plot inspired by the lyrics of the song

Untuk maklumat lanjut Freedie Aguilar

Semoga ada yang mahu berfikir sejenak...

Andy Williams...

Andy Williams, the legendary crooner best known for his rendition of the ballad 'Moon River', has died after a year-long battle with cancer, at the age of 84.

Autonomous car

Kini Teksi di hujung jari...



Beranikah anda menaiki teksi tanpa pemandu?

Reverse Colour Blind

Buta warna adalah ketidak mampuan untuk membezakan warna. Terdapat 2 jenis buta warna yang utama iaitu

1 Tidak mampu untuk membezakan warna merah dan hijau (Dichromacy:protanopia and
deuteranopia)

2 Tidak mampu untuk membezakan warna biru dan kuning (Dichromacy:tritanopia)



A rainbow of colors as viewed by a person with no color vision deficiencies.


The same rainbow as viewed by a person with protanopia.


The same rainbow as viewed by a person with deuteranopia.


The same rainbow as viewed by a person with tritanopia.



Simulation of the normal (above) and dichromatic (below) perception of red and green apples.

Seseorang yang buta warna mempunyai kecenderungan untuk melihat objek pada waktu malam dengan jelas

Oleh itu sesiapa yang mempunyai penglihatan warna yang normal akan mengalami kesukaran untuk mentafsir gambar di bawah.

Automated Car Parking System

Mechanical Parking System


Fully Automated Parking System

Self Parking System

Air Fish

Untuk mengetahui dengan lebih lanjut sila ke  Air Fish

Sila baca kenderaan ini ketika diuji di Pejabat Laut dan Marina Awam Melaka, sumber Malaysiakini  

Di Kala Bulan Mengambang

Sila layari ke Yahoo

125 years of Daimler

Untuk lebih lanjut lagi Daimler

I-phone

    Hanya orang lama sahaja yang memahami erti gambar ini...

























Gambar diambil dari spectangle.net

Manuskrip al-Quran

Berikut adalah  Mengenai al-Quran (English)



 The first century manuscript is dated 94 AH / 712-13 CE and is from Iran. The two second century hijra copies, dating 102 AH / 720 CE and 107 AH / 725 CE are in Egyptian National Library, Cairo; the latter we have already discussed above.

Pelangi Malam

Pelangi muncul ketika ada matahari.

Bagaimana pula pelangi tanpa matahari? Apakah pincang bagai lagu tanpa irama?

Saksikan kehebatan fenomena alam semulajadi...

Saudara Perempuan Harun...

Artikel kali ini adalah untuk membuat pencerahan terhadap ayat Quran dari surah Maryam ayat 27-28 )
.Ayat tersebut adalah:

"Kemudian baliklah dia kepada kaumnya dengan mendokong anaknya mereka pun menempelaknya dengan berkata: Wahai Mariam! Sesungguhnya engkau telah melakukan suatu perkara yang besar salahnya!Wahai saudara perempuan Harun, bapamu bukanlah seorang yang buruk akhlaknya, dan ibumu pula bukanlah seorang perempuan jahat!" [19:27-28]

.Semuanya bermula semasa zaman Baginda S.A.W dimana orang Christian dari Najran menimbulkan bantahan yang sama kepada Baginda S.A.W.Namun persoalan ini telah dijawab oleh Rasulullah S.A.W dan jawapan Baginda ini telah dinukil di dalam Sahih Muslim. Hadith itu berbunyi:

Mughirah ibn Shu'bah berkata: Semasa aku datang ke Najran, mereka (orang Christian Najran) bertanya kepada aku: Kamu membaca "Wahai saudara perempuan Harun" (i.e. Maryam) di dalam Quran, sedangkan Musa A.S lahir lebih lama daripada Isa A.S. Apabila aku pulang kepada Rasulullah S.A.W aku bertanya kepadanya tentang bantahan itu, dimana Baginda S.A.W berkata: Masyarakat zaman terdahulu gemar memberi nama kepada orang-orang mereka menggunakan nama-nama para nabi dan juga orang-orang beriman yang telah meninggal sebelum mereka.

[Sahih Muslim hadith no 5326]

Dengan mengukur penggunaan tatabahasa Arab dan konteks ayat tersebut, dakwaan percanggahan ini adalah satu kesilapan yang besar.Di dalam bahasa Arab perkataan akhun atau ukthun (yang digari merah di atas) membawa dua maksud:

1.Saudara lelaki atau perempuan yang mempunyai hubungan darah
2.Persaudaraan di dalam keimanan (brotherhood in faith)

Ayat 28 surah Maryam menggunakan perkataan ukhtun mempunyai maksud yang kedua. Ini bukanlah perkara luar biasa di dalam Quran kerana penggunaan seperti ini terdapat merata di dalam Quran. Contoh yang lain adalah seperti berikut:

"Dan kepada kaum Aad, (Kami utuskan) saudara mereka: Nabi Hud. Dia berkata: Wahai kaumku! Sembahlah kamu akan Allah, (sebenarnya) tidak ada Tuhan bagi kamu selain daripadaNya. Oleh itu, tidakkah kamu mahu bertakwa kepadaNya?" [7:65]

"Dan kepada kaum Thamud (Kami utuskan) saudara mereka: Nabi Soleh. Dia berkata: Wahai kaumku! Sembahlah kamu akan Allah, (sebenarnya) tiada Tuhan bagi kamu selain daripadaNya." [7:73]

"Dan kepada penduduk Madyan (Kami utuskan) saudara mereka Nabi Syuaib. Dia berkata: Wahai kaum sembahlah kamu akan Allah, (sebenarnya) tiada Tuhan bagi kamu selain daripadaNya." [7:85]

Ketiga-tiga ayat di atas menggunakan perkataan saudara mengikut maksud yang kedua. Ayat di bawah membawa maksud yang lebih umum:

"Sebenarnya orang-orang yang beriman itu adalah bersaudara, maka damaikanlah di antara dua saudara kamu (yang bertelingkah) itu dan bertakwalah kepada Allah supaya kamu beroleh rahmat." [49:10]

Ayat di atas menerangkan bahawa orang beriman adalah bersaudara antara satu sama lain.

Selamat Datang Syaaban...

Mari kita berfikir sejenak mengenai Bulan Syaaban. Petikan ini di ambil dari web Ustaz Dr. Zaharuddin.net.

Ini catatan Sheikh Dr Yusuf Al-Qaradawi (Terjemahan dari Bahasa Arab)

"aku teringat, aku juga di waktu kecil ku mengikut sahaja apa yg mereka lakukan, kami solat 2 rakaat dgn niat panjang umur, 2 rakaat dgn niat menjadi kaya, dan bacaan yasin kemudian solat 2 rakaat dsb. sebenarnye semue ibadah2 tersebut x dituntut syara'. hukum asal ibadah adalah tidak boleh (mesti ada dalil). manusia tidak boleh mencipta ibadah mengikut cara yg dia suka, kerana yg mempunyai hak tersebut (mensyariatkan cara utk beribadah) hanyalah Allah. [apakah mereka syariatkn dlm agama apa yg tidak diizinkn Allah?] maka kita seharusnya beramal dgn apa yg warid (dari Quran dan sunnah) shj"

ringkasannya qardhawi cakap kelebihan nisfu sya'ban tu hadisnya setengah ulama menghasankannya , setengahnya pula menolak dan mereka kata semua hadis bkenaan nisfu sya'ban tak sampai ke darjat sahih. kalu nk pakai pdpt hadis hsn tu, yg warid dari nabi ialah baginda berdoa dan beristihgfr mlm nisfu tu, tu aje. lain takde.adapun doa mcm2 lafaz tu takda warid dari nabi, ada doa tu yg dicetak dan disebarkn di sesetengah negara, tu suma tak betoila kata qardhawi tu. pastu dia kata kalu nak berdoa jgn masukkan ungkapan "in syikta(sekirany a engkau mahu)" cth: ampunkanlah dan rahmatkanlah kami "sekiranya engkau mahu"...takleh cakap camtu tapi cakap direct je dgn yakin dan pasti mcm ya allah ampunkanlah aku dan rahmatilah daku.


Antara komen-komen yang diberikan ialah:-

ini pndpt syeikh qardawi sbg wakil aliran salafi tajdidi.dan ni yg better diikuti, wlwpun doa tsbut dan solat tak dibuat pun di malaysia menyelangi bacaan yasin.kalu aliran pondok, syeikh muhd alawi al-makki, al-kauthari, nuruddin al-banjari seakan mempertahankan amalan ini, sbb hadis pasal fadilat nisfu syaaban byk, bleh naik hasan.risalah khusus pn dah ada diorg ditulis.cuma yg pelik sket la, yasin 3x tu. nape tak baca je skali...nape tak bca al-mulk ke,lg la thabit fadilat dia..pape pun, ada fadilat dia mlm tu, tp takde amalah khusus. kalu ikut ustaz itu ini, maka doa @ cara amalan itu sekadar pendapat mereka shja..wallahu a'lam

Diri kini menjadi keliru dan seumpama hilang keyakinan apabila majlis membaca Yasin, sembahyang sunat dan berdoa beramai-ramai di masjid pada malam nisfu Syaaban lalu dikatakan bidaah. Bukan daripada amalan Rasulullah. Begitu juga dengan wirid dan tahlil yang dibaca selepas sembahyang. Setiap bidaah itu sesat.
Persoalan-persoalan seperti ini memang sering timbul, termasuklah amalan lain, yang menjadi sebahagian daripada budaya Melayu. Ini termasuklah amalan membaca wirid dan tahlil selepas sembahyang waktu, membaca talkin, mengadakan kenduri, membaca tahlil atau doa arwah pada tiga hari berturut-turut selepas kematian, tujuh, 40 dan 100 hari, juga setiap tahun.

Untuk lebih lanjut sila ke Ustaz Zaharuddin

Berfikir Sejenak untuk Nisfu Syaaban

Hari ini 30 Rajab 1433 hijrah. bulan Syaaban bakal menjelma.

Antara hadith mengenai nisfu Syaaaban ialah:-

“Allah melihat kepada hamba-hambaNya pada malam nisfu Syaaban, maka Dia ampuni semua hamba-hambaNya kecuali musyrik (orang yang syirik) dan yang bermusuh (orang benci membenci) (Riwayat Ibn Hibban, al-Bazzar dan lain-lain). Al-Albani mensahihkan hadith ini dalam Silsilah al-Ahadith al-Sahihah. (jilid 3, .m.s. 135, Riyadh: Maktabah al-Ma`arf).

Hadith-hadith tentang Nisfu Sya’ban tidak mengajar kita apakah bentuk amalan khusus malam berkenaan.

Untuk mengetahui hadith-hadith shahih dan lemah di bulan syaaban sila baca diHadith seputar bulan Syaaban

Berfikir Sejenak bersama Lenovo...

Aksi haiwan

Kolam Renang Terbesar di Dunia

The Crystal Lagoon, yang terletak di San Alfonso del Mar resort,Algarrobo, Chile adalah kolam renang terbesar di dunia. Panjangnya hampir mencecah 1 km.

Keluasan kolam ini ialah seluas 7.7 hektar (19 ekar) yang mengandungi 250 juta liter air laut.

Gerhana Matahari

Biarpun dilanda gerhana, namun sang suria masih mampu mengukir senyuman...

Photograph by Bullit Marquez, AP (Gumaca in the Philippines on Monday morning, local time.)

Magik...

Dalam video ini dilihat straw melepasi pin. Idea ini diilhamkan oleh Gred Ross dari Greenpro Productions, Pennsylvania.

Amazing Optical Illusions

Kari, mampu melawan kanser...

Bahan kimia, "curcumin" yang terdapan dalam kari iaitu kunyit dikatakan mampu untuk melawan penyakit kanser.

Ia juga dikatakan sesuai untuk penyakit strok dan dementia

Untuk bacaan lanjut sila ke BBC News

Supermoon

Bulan Mei 2012 bulan mempunyai jarak yang terdekat dengan bumi sejauh 356,955 km. Purata jarak bulan dengan bumi sekitar 384,400 km.

Di Penang bulan bakal terbit jam 6.39pm, 5 Mei 2012 dan tenggelam 6.54am, 6 Mei 2012. Bulan penuh ialah pada 11.35am, 6 Mei 2012.

Sila saksikan kehebatan fenomena alam...

Kapal Angkasa Shuttle Discovery kini bersara...

The Space Shuttle Discovery sits atop NASA's Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft(SCA), seen here after landing at Washington, Dulles (IAD) airport April 17, 2012. The shuttle is on it's way to it's new permanent display at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, Virginia.

Visit msnbc.com for breaking news, world news, and news about the economy

Hotel Bawah Tanah

China, telah mencuba sesuatu yang baru untuk membina hotel mewah di bawah paras bumi. Ia dibina di atas tapak perlombongan yng ditinggalkan di daerah Songjiang.

Bakal mempunyai 19 tingkat dan 380 bilik yang mewah. Bakal siap pada tahun 2014 atau awal 2015. Kos untuk membina menelan belanja $555 juta dan harga semalam dijangka sekitar $320.

untuk keterangan lanjut sila klik Atkins

Sistem Pertahanan Badan

Bagaimana kita dapat kembalikan sistem pertahanan badan?

Bacaan selanjutnya diNew Scientist Eat yourself strong

From an old-fashioned faith in the healing powers of chicken soup to more modern obsessions with so-called superfoods, we like to think some things we eat can help ward off infections. The vast majority of these beliefs have little evidence to back them up, but there are dietary interventions that appear to work. Numerous supplements are sold on the basis of supposed immune-boosting powers, but their health claims usually stem from tests done on cells in the lab. That is just the first stage of gathering evidence, though; the only way to know for sure if something will work is a randomised, controlled trial done on people, preferably several trials. By that measure, zinc supplements probably come out best, with evidence they can both prevent colds and shorten their duration if started within 24 hours of the symptoms first appearing (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub3). Zinc may work by stopping the cold virus from replicating or preventing it from gaining entry to cells lining the airways. That old favourite vitamin C doesn't seem to prevent colds, although as a treatment it might reduce symptoms slightly. The only other supplement with any credibility is echinacea, an extract of the purple coneflower – although again only as treatment, not prevention, and even then the evidence is mixed. Vitamin C boosts immune cell activity in theory so why does it perform so poorly in practice? It seems that while vitamin supplements help people who are malnourished avoid diseases caused by vitamin deficiency, such as scurvy, there is no extra benefit to exceeding the recommended levels, which most people in the west hit anyway. In fact, popping vitamin pills – including vitamin C – may even be harmful overall (New Scientist, 5 August 2006, p 40). If you really want to support your immune system the best approach is simply to eat a plentiful supply of fruit and vegetables. They contain not just vitamins but thousands of other compounds called phytochemicals, which have numerous beneficial effects we are only just starting to understand. It is also important to focus on the quantity of food, not just its quality. People who are obese are more likely to get a range of infections, including respiratory, skin and urinary ones (The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol 6, p 438). Piling on the pounds not only makes it harder to breathe, which predisposes people to colds and flu, but the excess fat releases chemical signals that interfere with immune functioning. Think carefully about how you shed the pounds, though, because yo-yo dieting is also harmful. Frequent cycles of weight loss and regain seem to reduce the performance of natural killer cells, an important branch of the immune system that targets cancerous cells and those infected with viruses (Journal of the American Dietetic Association, vol 104, p 903).,

Befriend your bacteria

The human gut is riddled with bacteria. That is a good thing – as well as helping you to digest food, these friendly bugs are essential for a healthy immune system. The gut flora, as it is known, competes with harmful microbes for nutrients and physical space. It also releases antimicrobial compounds and communicates with the immune system in complex ways that we are only just starting to unravel. Given all this, it is not surprising that damaging your gut flora can leave you prone to bacterial infections. That's why when you take antibiotics for one infection, you are sometimes hit by another; the friendly bacteria are collateral damage. The superbug Clostridium difficile, for example, often strikes hospital patients after a round of antibiotics and is arguably just as big a medical headache as antibiotic-resistant species such as MRSA. Instead of nuking your friendly bacteria you should nurture them. That is the aim of probiotics, daily yogurt drinks designed to boost the number of good guys. After initial doubts that this approach would deliver enough microbes to do anything useful, studies now support the idea that probiotics can help treat gut infections, including diarrhoea associated with C. difficile, and even ward off coughs and colds (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006895.pub2). As well as probiotics there are prebiotics. The idea here is to feed up your existing friendly bacteria with certain nutrients, often forms of soluble fibre. In one study, people in hospital who took prebiotics were less likely to succumb to further bouts of C. difficile infection (Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol 3, p 442). For people whose gut flora is beyond help, there is another option: a faecal transplant. Unappealing as it sounds, transferring someone else's faeces into a bowel severely infected with C. difficile has produced some striking successes. This is one immune booster, however, that you won't consider unless you are seriously unwell. Jessica Hamzelou is a science writer based in London

Don't stress out

Close your eyes. Count to 10. Whatever you do, stay calm. Stress can weaken the immune system transiently but significantly. Despite its New-Age associations, studying the links between mind and body is now a respectable field of research, sometimes termed "psychoneuroimmunology". Some of the classic studies have looked at immune responses after getting a vaccine. For instance, one of the pioneers in this field, Ronald Glaser at Ohio State University in Columbus, showed that people stressed out by looking after a relative with Alzheimer's disease had worse antibody and T-cell responses to a flu vaccine. Their wounds were slower to heal, and they also caught more throat infections (Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol 840, p 649). While there are myriads of signalling pathways between the brain and the immune system, the key players seem to be the stress hormones cortisol and noradrenalin. These bind to receptors on immune cells and interfere with their ability to respond to antigens, leaving us more susceptible to infections. On the other hand a little of the bad stuff might be beneficial. A recent analysis of over 300 studies found that a short stressful experience, like public speaking, boosted blood levels of immune cells (Psychological Bulletin, vol 130, p 601). "A slight elevation of stress hormones is good for you," says Bruce Rabin at the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania. He doesn't recommend setting out to get stressed, but instead advises learning how to cope better with any stress that comes along. "Be optimistic, fit, have a sense of humour," he suggests. Most important of all is to keep your friends. "Loneliness is the killer." This could be why women cope with bereavement better than men. "Women have friends that they talk to about personal issues," says Rabin. "It's a buffer." Jessica Hamzelou is a science writer based in London

Don't stress out

 Safeguard your sleep 

  How much shut-eye did you get last night? Even a moderate lack of sleep can put you at greater risk of catching a bug. In a seminal study, the sleeping habits of 153 healthy adults were recorded before they were given a sniff of a cold virus. It turned out that people who slept for less than 7 hours a night were almost three times as likely to catch a cold as the rest of the group (Archives of Internal Medicine, vol 169, p 62). It suggests people should make sure they are well rested before getting vaccinated, says Mark Opp, a neurobiologist at the University of Washington. Opp recommends at least 8 hours and 20 minutes a night. That sounds a lot, but he reckons it is what everybody would get if left to their own devices. "If you take healthy subjects and let them sleep as long as they like, they sleep a little more each night, until it levels off at this duration," he says. Sleep quality is also important, and that means making sure you are snoozing in a cool, dark and quiet place, says Opp. Living near a noisy place such as a train station is no good, even if you think you are used to the clatter. "People will say they're accustomed to the noise, but studies show that their sleep has been disturbed," says Opp. "If I put electrodes on their head, the brain activity would change to an awake pattern every time a train went by." Jessica Hamzelou is a science writer based in London

Good day, sunshine 

Having a healthy immune system isn't all about cranking up the dial to maximum. There is a large class of conditions caused by immune cells attacking things they should leave in peace – namely the body itself. Known as autoimmune disorders, the list includes type 1 diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. These conditions have been linked to a lack of vitamin D – the so-called sunshine vitamin. Some foods such as dairy products and fish contain vitamin D but most is made in the skin when it is exposed to the sun's ultraviolet rays. Vitamin D appears to play a key role in keeping the immune system in check so that it doesn't react to things inappropriately. The first clue that this was the case was the higher rate of autoimmune disorders in parts of the world with less sunlight. Since then, researchers have found that vitamin D suppresses the immune system by inhibiting the proliferation of immune cells and the signalling factors that spur them into action. The compound is even being investigated as a way of stopping people rejecting organ transplants. Sunshine's effects stretch beyond those of vitamin D. Melatonin – a hormone secreted by a gland in the brain in response to changes in light – stimulates certain kinds of immune cells. Vitamin D is also vital for calcium absorption and bone health. Unfortunately, growing awareness of the risks of skin cancer has led some people to shun the sun, hence a recent resurgence in childhood rickets. Skin cancer aside, vitamin D appears to protect against many other common types of cancer, including those of the breast, prostate and colon. One research group has calculated that in the US, more people die from internal cancers caused by lack of sun exposure than from skin cancer itself – possibly four times as many (New Scientist, 9 August 2003, p 30). So how much time should you spend in the sun? Michael Holick, a vitamin D researcher at Boston University in Massachusetts, reckons you should expose your hands, arms and face for a quarter of the time it would take to cause reddening two to three times a week. Dermatologists tend to argue in favour of taking supplements instead, but multivitamin pills may not provide a high enough dose. Jessica Hamzelou is a science writer based in London  

Get bug-fighting fit

it can be hard to motivate yourself to exercise, but now there is yet another reason to do so: even short bursts of exercise give your immune system a temporary boost. When 500 adults were tracked for 12 weeks, those who were the most physically active – five sessions or more of aerobic exercise a week – spent nearly half the number of days sick with an upper respiratory tract infection such as a cold or tonsillitis (British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol 45, p 987). As your heart gets pumping, immune cells usually stuck in the blood vessel walls are washed into the circulation where they can do their stuff, says Mike Gleeson, an immunologist at Loughborough University in the UK. Levels of these cells in the blood double during exercise, upping the immune system's ability to respond to pathogens, says Gleeson. "Exercise increases immunosurveillance." It is possible to overdo it, but you would have to be extremely dedicated. Last year, Gleeson's team looked at how many colds athletes got compared with people who just kept fit in the conventional sense. Those who trained for 11 hours or more a week got more infections than those who worked out for between 3 and 6 hours per week (Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2011.01422.x). Too much exercise has a similar effect to stress, raising levels of stress hormones such as cortisol that alter the functioning of immune cells (see "Take a deep breath"). "Even though there's an increase in cells, their function is depressed," says Gleeson. He recommends exercising little and often, for no more than 2 hours at a stretch: "Restrict yourself to moderate exercise such as jogging or swimming." Jessica Hamzelou is a science writer based in London  

Never too young 

  What better way to engineer the perfect immune system than to start from scratch? While you can't do that for yourself, you can with your children. In the womb, babies automatically share their mother's antibodies, which cross the placenta. This antibody donation can continue after birth through breastfeeding. Breast milk is chock-full of immune-boosting ingredients. There is lactoferrin, for instance – a protein that inhibits the growth of bacteria – and sugars that block bacteria from binding to the body's cells. Breastfeeding reduces infection rates, particularly in the developing world. There is another way of furnishing a child's immune system with first-class defences that is quick, relatively cheap and arguably one of medicine's greatest achievements: vaccination against a dozen or more fatal diseases, available at a clinic near you. Unfortunately, some anti-vaccine campaigners claim this amounts to "overloading" the immune system – an idea that has no basis in fact considering the millions of microbes we face down in every speck of dirt. The few antigens within a vaccine, even multiple vaccines given at once, are a hardly appreciable added burden, according to the World Health Organization. Some childhood diseases, though, are caused by immune defences going into overdrive, including asthma, eczema and allergies to pollen or foods. We know that children are less likely to get such allergic conditions if they grow up on farms or have pets, lots of siblings or spend time in daycare. The hygiene hypothesis says that allergies are on the rise in the west because these days children aren't exposed to enough germs. "If your environment at an early age is too clean, you're not developing cells to respond to it," says Arne Akbar, an immunologist at University College London. While no one is suggesting neglecting basic hygiene, the general advice is to "let kids be kids", and allow them to play in the mud. Jessica Hamzelou is a science writer based in London  

Age shall not wither you

  Like most parts of the body, the immune system weakens with age. That is why older people catch more infections, are more likely to get cancer, and are more prone to shingles, a painful rash caused by the chicken pox virus reactivating after lying dormant for years. You can't stop yourself from growing older but that doesn't mean you have to just sit there and take it. At the moment the only option is to take a leaf out of the kids' book and get fully vaccinated. As well as annual flu shots, older people can get a one-off vaccine for pneumococcal disease, which causes pneumonia and meningitis, and the "childhood" jab against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis. A vaccine giving partial protection against shingles has also recently been developed. In future there may be more high-tech countermeasures, such as rejuvenating the thymus – a gland in the chest where an important class of immune cells called T-cells mature. From puberty onwards the thymus gradually shrinks and is taken over by fat, and then it is downhill all the way. There may be ways to reverse this decline, though. One candidate is injections with growth hormone, which has shown promise in people whose immune system has been depleted by AIDS. Visible ageing is also seen at the cellular level. Every time immune cells multiply in response to a bug they recognise, parts of their chromosomes called telomeres shorten until there are none left. At this point they lose the ability to divide and become useless. As people age, more and more of their circulating immune cells approach the end of their lifespan. This is unavoidable, but there is one microbe it might be particularly helpful to steer clear of: cytomegalovirus (CMV). Most people have a long-standing dormant infection with CMV which reawakens every so often, perhaps due to stress. This causes unusually widespread activation of immune cells, so hastening their decline. One theory is that CMV plays a key role in immune ageing. If that's true, then there is good news – a vaccine against CMV is on the cards (The Lancet, vol 377, p 1256). Jessica Hamzelou is a science writer based in London

Terminator Glasses

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Secara ringkasnya anda mampu melihat sebagai Arnold Schwarzenegger dalam filem Terminator lakukan.

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